What Is Peripheral Neuropathy? An Overview
Imagine waking up one morning with a strange tingling sensation in your feet. At first, you brush it off, but, over time, it spreads to your legs and hands, making even simple tasks like walking or holding a cup feel like a challenge.
This is the reality for people living with peripheral neuropathy—a condition where damaged nerves disrupt the vital communication between your brain, spinal cord, and the rest of your body.
Let’s explore what causes this condition, its symptoms, and how it impacts lives.
What is neuropathy and how does it affect the nerves?
Neuropathy refers to a broad category of conditions that involve damage to the nerves. These nerves are part of either the peripheral nervous system or the central nervous system itself.
To understand how neuropathy affects the body, it’s essential to know the specific roles of different types of nerves:
- Sensory nerves transmit sensations like touch, temperature, or pain.
- Motor nerves control muscle movement.
- Autonomic nerves manage involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure,
and digestion.
The effects of neuropathy depend on which nerves are damaged. For example, sensory nerve damage might send pain signals without any actual injury, while motor nerve damage could impair muscle control. Autonomic nerve damage, on the other hand, might lead to complications
in essential involuntary functions like digestion or maintaining blood pressure.
Peripheral neuropathy explained: What causes peripheral neuropathy?
Peripheral neuropathy happens when nerves outside the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves) are damaged. This damage interferes with the messages these nerves send to the rest of the body.
According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, millions of Americans suffer from peripheral neuropathy, which can arise from various factors, including:
- Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage nerve fibers over time, making diabetic
neuropathy one of the most common types. - Infections: Conditions like shingles or Lyme disease can harm peripheral nerves.
- Nutritional deficiencies: Lack of vitamins, especially B vitamins, can weaken nerves.
- Toxins: Excessive alcohol consumption and exposure to heavy metals or certain
medications can lead to nerve damage. - Injuries: Trauma or pressure on nerves, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, may cause
localized neuropathy.
Sometimes, the exact cause remains unknown, a condition known as idiopathic neuropathy.
How is peripheral neuropathy diagnosed?
Diagnosing peripheral neuropathy often involves a thorough review of symptoms, medical history, and physical exams. Doctors may use the following tests:
- Nerve conduction studies assess how efficiently electrical signals move through the nerves.
- Electromyography (EMG) measures the electrical activity in muscles to detect nerve or muscle disorders.
- Blood tests identify underlying conditions, such as diabetes or vitamin deficiencies, that may cause nerve damage.
- Imaging scans, including MRIs or CT scans, help detect nerve compression from tumors or injuries.
In some cases, a nerve biopsy may be needed to examine nerve tissue under a microscope
Several clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of SCS in managing peripheral neuropathy pain
Peripheral neuropathy is a common neurological disorder characterized by damage to the peripheral nerves, leading to various sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunctions.
Spinal cord stimulation is a neuromodulation technique that involves the delivery of electrical impulses to the spinal cord to interrupt or mask pain signals before they reach the brain.
Find out if you are a candidate
What are the different types of peripheral neuropathy?
Peripheral neuropathy encompasses various types, each linked to specific causes and symptoms that stem from damage to the peripheral nervous system.
Below are the main types of peripheral neuropathy:
- Sensory neuropathy:
This type primarily affects the sensory nerves, leading to symptoms of peripheral neuropathy like tingling, numbness, and nerve pain. These symptoms often begin in the hands or feet and can progress upward. Damage to sensory nerves disrupts the ability to feel temperature, pain, or pressure accurately.
- Motor neuropathy:
Motor neuropathy impacts the nerves responsible for muscle movement. Peripheral nerve damage in this category often results in muscle weakness, cramps, and difficulty with coordination. Over time, severe cases can lead to muscle atrophy.
- Autonomic neuropathy:
Autonomic neuropathy impacts the part of the nervous system responsible for controlling automatic processes such as heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure. Peripheral neuropathy symptoms may include dizziness when standing, digestive issues, or abnormal sweating patterns.
- Mononeuropathy:
This type affects a single peripheral nerve. Examples include carpal tunnel syndrome, which causes nerve pain and weakness in the wrist and hand.
- Polyneuropathy:
Polyneuropathy is the most common form of peripheral neuropathy, and it involves multiple nerves. One subtype, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), is an immune system disorder where the immune system attacks the protective covering of the nerves, causing progressive weakness and sensory loss.
- Focal neuropathy:
Focal neuropathy targets specific areas, leading to localized symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. For instance, it may cause sudden weakness or pain in one area, such as the legs or face.
Seeking help for peripheral neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy doesn’t present the same way in every person. Some experience mild tingling or numbness, while others might endure severe, stabbing pain. Symptoms may also spread over time, starting in the extremities and moving upward.
Treatment for peripheral neuropathy focuses on managing symptoms and addressing the underlying cause. For instance, controlling blood sugar levels can slow the progression of diabetic neuropathy. Medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes—like a balanced diet rich in vitamins—can also provide relief.
If you notice persistent tingling, numbness, or unexplained pain, consult a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis and intervention can prevent further nerve damage and improve quality of life.
For more information about neuropathy and treatment options, visit Neuropathy360.